Dynamic Memory Computer Course

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 17–34

WHAT IS A COMPUTER? 18
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER 18
First-Generation, Second-Generation, Third-Generation, Fourth-Generation, Fifth-Generation
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS OF COMPUTER FROM 1937 to 2006 19
PERSONAL COMPUTER 27
NOTEBOOK COMPUTER 27
PDA 27
INSIDE THE SYSTEM UNIT 28
SYSTEM UNIT 28
MOTHERBOARD 28
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) 28
MEMORY 28
RAM (Random Access Memory) 28
ROM (Read-Only Memory) 29
EXPANSION SLOTS AND EXPANSION CARDS 29
PORTS 29
POWER SUPPLY 29
INPUT DEVICES 30
INPUT 30
KEYBOARD 30
MOUSE 30
JOYSTICKS 30
TOUCH SCREEN 30
SCANNER 31
VOICE INPUT 31
AUDIO INPUT 31
WEB CAMS 31
DIGITAL CAMERA 31
VIDEOCONFERENCING 31
OUTPUT DEVICES 32
OUTPUT 32
MONITOR 32
VIDEO CARD 32
PRINTERS 32
Dot-Matrix Printers 32
Ink-jet Printer 32
Laser Printers 33
SPEAKERS 33
STORAGE DEVICES 33
STORAGE 33
FLOPPY DISKS 33
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE 33
HARD DISK DRIVE 34
CD-ROM 34
CD-ROM DRIVE 34
CD-R (CD-RECORDABLE) 34
CD-RW (CD-REWRITABLE) 34
DVD-ROM DRIVE 34

2. SOFTWARE 35–47

SYSTEM SOFTWARE 35
OPERATING SYSTEM 35
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM 36
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 37
DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME,
Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows NT Server, Windows NT Workstation,
Windows 2000 Server, Unix, Linux, Windows 2003 Server
UTILITY PROGRAMS 41
File compression, Uninstaller, Disk Scanner, Screen Saver, Disk Defragment
APPLICATION SOFTWARE 42
PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE 42
Word Processing Software 42
Spreadsheet Software 43
Database Software 43
Presentation Graphics Software 43
Accounting Software 44
CAD 44
Paint/Image Editing Software 44
Video and Audio Editing Software 44
E-Mail 44
Web Browsers 44
PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE 45
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 45
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS 45
THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 45
CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 46
Machine languages 46
Assembly languages 46
High-level languages 46
Fourth-generation languages 47

3. NETWORK 48–77

NETWORKS 48
Need for Networking 48
Hardware Sharing, Data and Information Sharing, Software Sharing, Facilitated Communications
TYPES OF NETWORKS 49
Local Area Network (LAN) 49
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 50
Wide Area Networks (WAN) 51
NETWORK HARDWARE 51
Computer, Network Interface Card (NIC), Connector, Cables, Resource
PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK 53
Resources, Programs, Performance, Installation, Gaining Access to Resources, Security, Cost
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORKS 54
Size, Efficiency, Services, Security, Cost
NETWORK STRUCTURE 56
STAR NETWORK STRUCTURE 57
Expansion, Troubleshooting, Cost
BUS NETWORK STRUCTURE 59
Terminator, Setup, Expansion, Troubleshooting, Cost
RING NETWORK STRUCTURE 61
Setup, Expansion, Troubleshooting, Cost
HYBRID NETWORK STRUCTURE 63
Wide Area Network, Setup, Troubleshooting
NETWORK DEVICES 64
Servers 64
Network Printer 65
Print Server 65
Network Interface Card 66
Hubs 67
Switches 68
Security, Routing Switches
Repeaters 69
Bridges 69
Routers 70
Types of Routers, Wide Area Network (WAN)
NETWORK COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 71
Ethernet 71
Token-ring 72
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) 72
WAP 73
Intranet 73
Firewall 73
VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL 74
Telephone System 74
Hardware and Software 74
WIRELESS NETWORKS 75
Radio Signals, Radio Transceivers
RADIO TECHNOLOGY 76
GSM, CDMA, TDMA
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY 76
Bluetooth, Ricochet

4. INTERNET & E-MAIL 78–115

HISTORY OF INTERNET 79
HOW INTERNET WORKS? 80
INTERNET ADDRESSES 81
Top-level Domain (TLD) 81
ADVANTAGES OF THE INTERNET 82
E-mail (electronic mail), Information, Entertainment, Programs, Discussion groups,
On-line shopping, Chat
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR INTERNET 84
MODEM 85
Types of modems, Speed of modem
TELEPHONE LINE 86
OTHER CONNECTIONS 86
ISDN 86
CABLE MODEM 86
DSL 87
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 87
Costing of an ISP 87
WORLD WIDE WEB 88
Web Page 88
Web Site 88
Web Server 89
Hyperlinks 89
URL 90
Home Page 90
Web Browsers 91
Bookmarks or Favorites 91
History List 91
SECURITY ON THE WEB 91
Secure Web Pages, Visit Secure Web Pages
SHOPPING ON THE WEB 92
PORTAL WEB PAGE 93
SEARCH ENGINE 93
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-mail) 94
ADVANTAGES OF E-MAIL 94
Speed, Cost, Convenience
HOW COMPUTERS EXCHANGE INFORMATION? 95
E-MAIL ADDRESS 95
Parts of E-mail address 95
Selecting an E-mail Address 96
Parts of E-mail Message 96
From, To, Cc, Bcc, Subject
CREATING MESSAGES 98
Writing Style, Smileys, Abbreviations, Shouting, Signature
SENDING A MESSAGES 99
Compose Offline, Use the Address Book, Bounced message, Attach a message
E-MAIL VIRUS 100
What is a virus? 100
How a virus comes into your computer? 100
How a virus can spread through an e-mail message? 100
E-MAIL FEATURES 101
Receive Messages, Reply to a Message, Forward a Message, Print a Message, Organize Messages
SOME MORE E-MAIL FEATURES 102
Automatic replies, Getting organized, Talking e-mail, Speaking to your computer
SOME ETIQUETTE OF WRITING A GOOD E-MAIL 103
OPENING AN E-MAIL ACCOUNT IN OUTLOOK EXPRESS 104
READING AND EXCHANGING MAILS 108
SENDING A MESSAGE 109
ATTACHING A FILE TO A MESSAGE 110
PRINTING A MESSAGE 111
DELETING A MESSAGE 111
HOW TO USE THE ADDRESS BOOK 112
HOW TO USE SIGNATURE IN YOUR MESSAGE 113
NEWSGROUPS 114
CHATTING 114
Text-based, Multimedia
INSTANT MESSAGES 115
Instant messaging programs
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 115

5. DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS) 116–121

BOOTING OR STARTING MS-DOS 116
CHANGING DISK DRIVES 117
FILES 117
DIRECTORIES 118
DOS COMMANDS 119
Internal Commands 119
DIR, COPY, DEL, MKDIR OR MD, CHDIR OR CD, CLS, DATE, TIME, TYPE
External Commands 120
CHKDSK, FORMAT, XCOPY, PRINT, DISKCOPY, TREE, MEM, ATTRIB
BATCH PROCESSING 121

6. WINDOWS XP 122–185

BASIC COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS 123
START WINDOWS 124
START BUTTON 124
MOVING A WINDOW 126
RESIZE A WINDOW 126
MAXIMIZE AND MINIMIZE WINDOW 127
CLOSING A WINDOW 127
SHUT DOWN WINDOWS 128 RESTARTING WINDOWS 128
HELP AND SUPPORT IN WINDOWS 129
CHANGING DESKTOP BACKGROUND 130
CHANGE THE SCREEN SAVER 132
CHANGE THE SCREEN APPEARANCE 133
CHANGE THE SCREEN RESOLUTION 134
CHANGE THE DATE AND TIME 136
CHANGE THE DESKTOP THEME 138
CHANGE THE MOUSE SETTING 139
FILE AND FOLDER 143
MY DOCUMENTS 143
MY COMPUTER 144
CHANGING VIEW OF FILES AND FOLDERS 145
SORTING FILES AND FOLDERS 146
GROUPING FILES AND FOLDERS 147
WINDOWS EXPLORER 148
SELECTING FILES AND FOLDERS 150
OPENING A FILE 152
RENAMING A FILE 153
DELETING A FILE 154
RESTORING A DELETED FILE 155
MOVING A FILE 156
COPYING A FILE 157
CREATING A FILE 158
CREATING A FOLDER 159
SEARCHING FOR FILES AND FOLDERS 160
PRINTING A FILE 162
E-MAILING A FILE 163
COPY FILES TO A CD 164
INSTALLING A PROGRAM 167
REMOVING A PROGRAM 169
VIEWING THE HARD DISK SPACE 170
DISK CLEANUP 171
DEFRAGMENT YOUR HARD DISK 172
SYSTEM RESTORE 174
PLAYING A MUSIC CD IN WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER 176
ADJUST THE VOLUME 178
WORKING WITH WORDPAD 179
WORKING WITH PAINT 180
WORKING WITH CALCULATOR 181
PLAYING GAMES ON WINDOWS 182
PLAYING GAMES LIVE ON INTERNET 185

7. TYPING TUTOR 186–193

TYPING TUTOR 186
HOME KEY 187

8. MS-WORD 194–276

INTRODUCTION 194
Edit Document, Format Document, Tables and Graphics
STARTING AND CUSTOMIZING WORD 195
THE WORD WINDOW 197
MENU BAR AND TOOLBAR 199
ENTERING TEXT IN WORD 201
SELECTING TEXT 202
MOVING IN A DOCUMENT 203
ZOOM IN OR OUT 204
SAVING A DOCUMENT 205
CLOSE A DOCUMENT 206
EXITING WORD 206
OPENING A DOCUMENT 206
INSERTING TEXT IN DOCUMENT 207
DELETING TEXT IN DOCUMENT 207
SPELLING AND GRAMMAR MISTAKES 208
MOVING AND COPYING TEXT 210
FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT 211
UNDOING CHANGES 212
INSERT DATE AND TIME 213
USING AUTOTEXT 214
WORD COUNT 216
VIEWS OF DOCUMENT 216
INSERTING SYMBOLS 218
CHANGING THE FONT OF TEXT 219
CHANGING THE SIZE OF TEXT 219
CHANGING THE TEXT BOLD, ITALIC OR UNDERLINE 220
CHANGING THE COLOUR OF TEXT 220
HIGHLIGHTING THE TEXT 221
CHANGING ALIGNMENT OF TEXT 221
CHANGING THE CASE OF TEXT 222
CHANGING APPEARANCE OF TEXT 223
CHANGING THE LINE SPACING 226
CREATING A BULLET OR NUMBER LIST 227
INDENTING A PARAGRAPH 228
CHANGING TAB SETTING 230
ANIMATING THE TEXT 231
CREATING A DROP CAP 232
ADDING A BORDER 233
INSERTING A PAGE BREAK AND SECTION BREAK 234
ADDING PAGE NUMBER 235
ADDING HEADER AND FOOTER 236
CHANGING MARGINS 237
CHANGING PAGE ORIENTATION 237
ADDING A WATERMARK 238
CREATING A NEWSPAPER COLUMN 239
CREATING A TABLE 240
TO ENTER TEXT IN A TABLE 241
TO DELETE A TABLE 241
ADDING ROW IN A TABLE 241
ADDING A COLUMN IN A TABLE 242
DELETING A ROW OR A COLUMN IN A TABLE 243
CHANGING HEIGHT OF A ROW 243
MOVING A TABLE 244
RESIZING A TABLE 245
COMBINING CELLS IN A TABLE 246
SPLITTING CELL IN A TABLE 247
ALIGNING THE TEXT IN CELL 248
ADDING SHADES TO CELLS 248
CHANGING THE BORDER OF A TABLE 249
FORMATTING A TABLE 250
ADDING WORDART 251
ADDING A PICTURE 252
WRAPPING THE TEXT AROUND A GRAPHIC 253
ADDING A CLIP ART 254
SMART TAGS 256
RECORDING AND RUNNING A MACRO 259
USING MAIL MERGE 262
SET UP SPEECH RECOGNITION 269
USING DICTATION MODE 272
USING VOICE COMMAND MODE 274
PRINTING A DOCUMENT 276

9. MS-EXCEL 277–331

START EXCEL 277
CUSTOMIZING EXCEL 278
THE EXCEL WINDOW 279
THE EXCEL WORKSHEET 279
MENU BAR 280
STANDARD AND FORMATTING TOOLBAR 281
FORMULA BAR 282
STATUS BAR 282
SPEECH RECOGNITION 282
CHANGE THE ACTIVE CELL 283
ENTERING DATA 283
AUTOCOMPLETE TEXT 284
SELECTING CELLS 284
COMPLETE A SERIES 286
SWITCHING BETWEEN A WORKSHEET 288
SAVING A WORKBOOK 289
CLOSING A WORKBOOK 289
OPENING A WORKBOOK 290
CREATING A NEW WORKBOOK 290
EDIT AND DELETE DATA IN WORKBOOK 291
UNDOING CHANGES 291
COPYING AND MOVING DATA 292
CHANGING COLUMN WIDTH 293
CHANGING ROW HEIGHT 294
INSERTING A ROW 295
INSERTING A COLUMN 295
INSERTING CELLS 296
DELETING CELLS 296
NAMING THE CELLS 297
FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS 298
ENTERING A FORMULA 300
ENTERING A FUNCTION 301
COMMON CALCULATION 304
DISPLAYING A FORMULA 305
ERRORS IN FORMULA 306
USING AVERAGE, MAX AND MIN FUNCTION 309
FORMATTING WORKBOOK 315
CHANGING THE FONT OF DATA 315
CHANGING THE SIZE OF DATA 316
CHANGING THE FONT FOR ALL NEW WORKBOOKS 316
BOLD, ITALIC AND UNDERLINE DATA 318
CHANGING THE ALIGNMENT OF DATA 319
CHANGING THE APPEARANCE OF DATA 320
CHANGING THE COLOR OF DATA 321
CHANGING THE COLOR OF CELL 321
CENTER DATA ACROSS COLUMNS 322
ADDING BORDER TO CELLS 322
APPLYING CONDITIONAL FORMATTING 324
AUTOFORMAT 326
CREATING A CHART 327
RESIZING THE CHART 329
CHANGING THE TYPE OF CHART 329
E-MAILING A WORKSHEET 330
PRINTING A WORKSHEET 331

10. MS-POWERPOINT 332–373

FEATURES OF POWERPOINT 332
STARTING POWERPOINT 333
THE POWERPOINT WINDOW 335
POWERPOINT VIEWS 335
PLACEHOLDER, TEXT AREAS, MOUSE POINTER AND SCROLL BARS 336
STATUS BAR, MENU BAR, STANDARD TOOLBAR, FORMATTING TOOLBAR
AND DRAWING TOOLBAR 337
USING AUTOCONTENT WIZARD 339
CHOOSING A DESIGN TEMPLATE 341
CREATING A BLANK PRESENTATION WITH DESIGN TEMPLATE 342
CREATING THE TITLE SLIDE 343
ADDING A NEW SLIDE TO A PRESENTATION BY SLIDE LAYOUT 344
USING OUTLINE TAB 344
CREATING A PRESENTATION USING OUTLINE TAB 346
ADDING A SLIDE ON THE OUTLINE TAB 348
SAVING A PRESENTATION 348
CLOSING A PRESENTATION 349
OPENING A SAVED PRESENTATION 349
SELECTING TEXT 350
DELETING TEXT 351
UNDOING CHANGES 351
CHANGING THE FONT OF TEXT 351
CHANGING THE SIZE OF TEXT 352
CHANGING THE STYLE OF TEXT 352
CHANGING THE ALIGNMENT OF TEXT 353
CHANGING THE COLOR OF TEXT 353
CHANGING THE COLOR SCHEME OF SLIDES 354
CHANGING THE BACKGROUND COLOR 355
CHANGING SLIDE LAYOUTS 356
ADDING A PICTURE 358
ADDING A CLIP ART IMAGE 359
INSERTING SOUND OR MUSIC ON A SLIDE 360
ANIMATION 362
APPLYING ANIMATION SCHEMES 362
ANIMATING CLIP ART 364
ADDING SLIDE TRANSITION 366
ADDING SOUND USING SLIDE TRANSITION 367
CREATING NOTES 367
ADDING HEADER AND FOOTER 368
USING SLIDE SORTER VIEW 369
REORDERING SLIDES IN SLIDE SORTER VIEW 370
DELETING SLIDES IN SLIDE SORTER VIEW 370
VIEWING A SLIDE SHOW 370
RUNNING A SLIDE SHOW 372

11. MS-ACCESS 374–403

STARTING ACCESS 374
CREATING DATABASE USING A WIZARD 375
CREATING A NEW DATABASE 379
CREATING A TABLE 381
SAVING AND CLOSING THE TABLE 385
ADDING RECORDS TO A TABLE 386
SELECTING DATA IN A TABLE 388
RENAMING A FIELD 389
REARRANGE THE FIELDS OF TABLES 389
ADD A FIELD IN THE TABLE 389
DELETING A FIELD IN A TABLE 390
ADDING A RECORD IN A TABLE 390
DELETING A RECORD IN A TABLE 391
CHANGING THE WIDTH OF COLUMN 391
MOVE THROUGH DATA 392
EDITING DATA IN TABLE 392
CLOSING A TABLE AND DATABASE 392
CREATING A FORM USING WIZARD 393
EDITING DATA IN A FORM 396
ADDING RECORDS TO A FORM 396
DELETING RECORDS FROM A FORM 397
SORTING RECORDS 398
FILTERING DATA BY SELECTION 398
CREATING A REPORT 399

12. CORELDRAW 404–446

STARTING CORELDRAW 404
CORELDRAW SCREEN 405
DRAWING SHAPES 406
Creating Rectangles and Square 407
Creating a Rounded Rectangle 407
Creating ellipses and circles 408
Creating an Arc or Pie shape 408
Creating Polygons 409
Creating Stars 409
Drawing Spirals 409
Drawing graph paper grids 410
DRAW A LINE 410
Drawing Line Objects 410
SELECTING OBJECTS 411
Selecting Objects with Tab key, Selecting Multiple Objects
RESIZING SHAPES OF OBJECTS 412
MOVE OBJECTS 412
COPY OBJECTS 412
Duplicating Objects 413
DEFINING OUTLINES 413
Creating Outlines 413
Defining Outline Width from the Outline Flyout 414
Defining Outline Options from the Outline Pen dialog box 414
CHANGING OUTLINE COLOR 416
ROTATING SHAPE OBJECTS 417
SELECTING FILL AND OUTLINE COLORS 418
ZOOMING IN AND OUT 419
CREATING A NEW DRAWING 420
OPENING A DRAWING 420
WORKING WITH CURVES 420
Drawing freehand curves 421
EDIT NODES IN FREEHAND CURVE 421
Select nodes on a curved object 422
Adding Nodes 423
Removing Nodes 423
Joining Nodes 423
Moving the Nodes of Curved Object 424
Making a Segment Straight 424
Making a Segment Curved 424
Breaking a Path 425
PAGE SETUP 426
Defining page size 426
INSERTING, RENAMING AND DELETING PAGES 426
DOCUMENT NAVIGATION 428
GUIDELINES AND GRIDS 429
COLOR FILLS 430
APPLYING A UNIFORM FILL 431
APPLYING A FOUNTAIN FILL 431
Applying a Two-color Fountain Fill 432
Applying Custom Fountain Fill 434
WORKING WITH PATTERN FILLS 434
Applying a Two-color Pattern Fill 434
Applying a Full-color Pattern Fill 436
Applying a Bitmap Pattern Fill 436
APPLYING A TEXTURE FILL 437
APPLYING POSTSCRIPT TEXTURES 439
INTERACTIVE MESH FILL TOOL 440
CREATING ARTISTIC AND PARAGRAPH TEXT 441
Creating Artistic Text 441
CHANGING FONT OF ARTISTIC TEXT 441
CHANGING FONT SIZE 442
ASSIGNING TEXT FILL AND OUTLINE COLOUR 442
PARAGRAPH TEXT 443
FLOW TEXT BETWEEN FRAMES 444
FITTING TEXT TO A PATH 445
CREATING ENVELOPS 446

13. PHOTOSHOP 447–477

START PHOTOSHOP 447
THE PHOTOSHOP WORKSPACE 447
OPEN AN IMAGE 448
CREATE A NEW IMAGE WINDOWS 449
CHANGING ON-SCREEN SIZE OF IMAGE 450
CHANGING THE PRINT SIZE OF AN IMAGE 451
CHANGING THE CANVAS SIZE OF AN IMAGE 452
CROPPING THE IMAGE 453
ZOOM TOOL 454
CHANGING SCREEN MODES 455
Switch To Full Screen, Close Toolbox And Palette
SELECTING WITH MARQUEE TOOLS 457
Rectangular Marquee Tool, Elliptical Marquee Tool
SELECTING LASSO TOOL 458
Regular Lasso Tool, Polygonal Lasso Tool
MAGNETIC LASSO TOOL 459
SELECTING WITH MAGIC WAND TOOL 460
Delete Selected Pixels 460
MOVING THE SELECTION 461
SELECTING ALL IMAGE 462
MOVING A SELECTION BORDER 462
INVERTING A SELECTION 463
COPY AND PASTE A SELECTION 463
RUBBER STAMP TOOL 464
COLOR MODES 465
RGB MODE 465
CONVERTING COLOR IMAGES TO GRAYSCALE 466
FOREGROUND AND BACKGROUND COLORS 467
SELECTING COLOR USING EYEDROPPER TOOL 468
USING PAINTBRUSH TOOL 469
USING PENCIL TOOL 470
USING PAINT BUCKET TOOL 471
FILL IN THE SELECTION 472
BRIGHTNESS AND CONTRAST 473
COLOR BALANCE 474
COLOR VARIATIONS 474
USING DODGE EFFECT 475
USING BURN EFFECT 476
SAVING A PHOTOSHOP IMAGE 476
Saving An Image For Use In Another Application 477
Saving A Jpeg For The Web 477
Saving A Gif For The Web 477
PRINTING IMAGES 477

14. PAGEMAKER 478–504

CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT 479
SETTING A DOCUMENT’S SIZE 479
SETTING A DOCUMENT’S MARGINS 479
REVERTING TO AN OLDER VERSION OF A DOCUMENT 479
PAGEMAKER SCREEN 480
THE TOOLBOX 481
SHOWING RULERS 481
Changing the Default Measurement System 482
WORKING WITH PALETTES 482
WORKING WITH CONTROL PALETTE 483
ENTERING TEXT 483
ACCESSING THE TEXT TOOL 484
Creating Text Blocks 484
CHANGING A TEXT BLOCK’S SHAPE 484
Creating Linked Text Blocks Manually 485
PLACING TEXT 485
PLACING TEXT IN A FRAME 486
LINKING FRAMES CONTAINING TEXT 486
ATTACHING TEXT TO A FRAME 487
Separating Text from the Frame 487
CHECKING SPELLING 487
FORMATTING CHARACTERS WITH THE CHARACTER SPECIFICATIONS DIALOG BOX 488
FORMATTING CHARACTERS WITH THE CONTROL PALETTE 488
USING SMALL CAPS 489
CHANGING CASE 489
ADJUSTING LEADING 490
CHANGING TEXT COLOR 490
APPLYING PARAGRAPH FORMATS WITH THE CONTROL PALETTE 490
PARAGRAPH FORMATS WITH DIALOG BOX 491
APPLYING INDENTS 491
PARAGRAPH SPACING 492
CREATING PARAGRAPH RULES 493
APPLYING TABS 494
APPLYING A STYLE 495
Defining a New Style 495
Modifying a Style 496
DRAWING 496
Drawing Lines 496
DRAWING RECTANGLES OR ELLIPSES 497
Drawing a Rounded Corner Rectangle 497
DRAWING FRAMES 497
CHANGING AN OBJECT’S SIZE 498
CHANGING AN OBJECT INTO A FRAME 498
CHANGING FILLS 499
CHANGING STROKES 499
CHANGING FILL AND STROKE 499
CREATING CUSTOM STROKES 500
PLACING IMAGES 500
WRAPPING THE TEXT AROUND A GRAPHIC 501
APPLYING COLOR TO TEXT 501
APPLYING A FILL COLOR TO OBJECT 502
APPLYING A STROKE COLOR 502
SETTING COLUMN GUIDES 502
WORKING WITH PAGES 503
Going to a Specific Page 503
Inserting Pages 503
Removing Pages 504
MASTER PAGES 504
Showing Master Page Palette 504
CREATING MASTER PAGES 504

15. Tally 505–558

BASIC CONCEPT OF ACCOUNT 505
Basic Accounting 505
Computerised Accounting 506
TALLY COMPANY CREATION 507
ACCOUNT LEDGERS CREATION 508
VOUCHER CREATION 513
Accounts Voucher 513
Tally Accounts Voucher Types 513
Accounts Voucher Creation 513
Contra Voucher 514
Payment Voucher 516
Receipt Voucher 517
Journal Voucher 518
REPORTS PRINTING 526
PRINTING DIALOGUE 526
Buttons at Printing Dialogue 526
PRINT FORMAT 527
PRINTER SELECTION 527
REPORT PREVIEW ON SCREEN 528
BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS 528
DAY BOOK 528
CASH BANK BOOKS 531
CASH BOOK 532
BANK BOOK 534
JOURNAL BOOK 540
LEDGER BOOK 542
TRIAL BALANCE 546
Ledgerwise Extended Trial Balance 549
FINAL ACCOUNTS 551
BALANCE SHEET 551
Balance Sheet Configuration 551
Vertical Balance Sheet 552
PROFIT & LOSS ACCOUNT 553
YEAR END PROCESS 556
BACKUP 557
RESTORE 557
REWRITING 558

16. COMPUTER SECURITY 559–563

COMPUTER VIRUSES 559
Virus Detection and Removal 560
UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS AND USE 562
USER NAMES AND PASSWORDS 562
POSSESSED OBJECTS 562
BIOMETRIC DEVICES 562
CALLBACK SYSTEM 563

17. PURCHASING & TROUBLESHOOTING 564–569

BRAND-NAME COMPUTER 564
CLONE COMPUTER 565
Compatibility, Reliability, Cost, After sales service
DO SOME RESEARCH BEFORE BUYING 565
HOW TO MAINTAIN YOUR COMPUTER 566
TROUBLESHOOTING 566

APPENDIX 1 570
APPENDIX 2 572
APPENDIX 3 574

18. MEMORY TIPS 575–604

19. INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS VISTA 605–612

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Computers are everywhere—at home, at work and at school. Most of our daily activities either involve the use of or depend on information from a computer. Activities such as learning to read, finding a job, looking up a product, or planning a trip, could involve the use of computers.
With a home computer, you can balance your checkbook, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, transfer funds, buy or sell stocks, and evaluate financial plans. People deposit or withdraw funds through an ATM (automated teller machine). At the grocery store, a computer tracks your purchases and calculates the amount of money you owe.
Most hi-tech cars include an onboard navigation system that provides directions, signals for emergency services, and tracks the vehicle if it is stolen.
In office, people use computers to create correspondence such as memos and letters, calculate payroll, track inventory, and generate invoices. Both schools and homes have computers for educational purposes. Teachers use them to assist with the instruction. Students complete assignments and do research on computers in lab rooms and at home.
On the computer many people find hours of entertainment. They play games, listen to music, watch a movie, read a book or magazine, compose a video, re-touch a photograph, or plan a vacation. Through computers, society has access to information from all around the globe. Instantaneously, you can find local and national news, weather reports, sports scores, stock prices, your medical records, your credit report, and countless forms of educational material. You can send messages to others, meet new friends, shop, fill prescriptions, file taxes, or take a course, at your fingertips.
People use computers as a source of communication. These communications are not limited to text. You also can transmit voice, sounds, video, and graphics with today’s technology. With the use of computer you can see others while communicating with them. You can also send videos or photographs to your family, friends or clients.
The digital revolution is upon us. Technology continues to advance and computers have become an integral part of our lives. To be successful in this digital world, it is essential you are computer literate. Being computer literate means you have knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses.
A computer is an electronic machine, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results for future use.
Data entered into a computer is called input. The processed results are called output. Thus, a computer processes input to create output. A computer also can hold data and information for future use in an area called storage. This cycle of input, process, output and storage is called the information processing cycle.
A person who communicates with a computer or uses the information it generates, is called a user.
The electric, electronic and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer is called hardware. Hardware is any part of computer you can touch and feel like any peripheral equipment such as keyboard, printer, monitor, speakers and mouse devices.
Software is the series of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform tasks. Without software, hardware is useless; hardware needs the instructions provided by software to start work. Operating system and Application are the two types of software.

First-Generation
First-generation computers, starting with the UNIVAC I in 1951, used vacuum tubes and their memories were made of thin tubes of liquid mercury and magnetic drums.
Second-generation systems in the late 1950s replaced tubes with transistors and used magnetic cores for memories (IBM 1401, Honeywell 800). Size was reduced and reliability was significantly improved.
Third-Generation
Third-generation computers, beginning in the mid-1960s, used the first integrated circuits (IBM 360, CDC 6400) and the first operating systems. Online systems were widely developed, although most processing was still batch oriented, using punched cards and magnetic tapes.
Fourth-Generation
The fourth-generation which start in the mid-1970s, brought us computers made entirely of chips. It spawned the microprocessor and personal computer. It introduced distributed processing and office automation. For the first time, Query languages, report writers and spreadsheets put large number of people in touch with the computer.
Fifth-Generation
Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very large-scale integration (VLSI) with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS OF COMPUTER
FROM 1937 to 2006

1937
Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer, or ABC, provides the foundation for advances in electronic digital computers.
1943
During World War II, British scientist Alan Turing designs the Colossus, an electronic computer created for the military to break German codes. The computer’s existence is kept secret until the 1970s.

1945
Dr. John von Neumann writes a brilliant paper describing the stored program concept. His breakthrough idea, where memory holds both data and stored programs, lays the foundation for all digital computers that have since been built.
1943
Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. completed work on the first large-scale electronic, general-purpose digital computer. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) weighs thirty tons, contains 18,000 vacuum tubes, occupies a thirty-by-fifty-foot space, and consumes 160 kilowatts of power. The first time it is turned on, lights dim in an entire section of Philadelphia.
1951
The first commercially available electronic digital computer, the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), is introduced by Remington Rand.
1953
The IBM model 650 is one of the first widely used computer systems. Originally planning to produce only 50 machines, the system is so successful that eventually IBM manufactures more than 1,000.

1957
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), an efficient, easy-to-use programming language, is introduced by John Backus.
1960
COBOL, a high-level business application language, is developed by a committee headed by Dr. Grace Hopper.

1965
Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth leads the development of the BASIC programming language. BASIC will be widely used on personal computers.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the first mini-computer, the PDP-8. The machine is used extensively as an interface for time-sharing systems.

1969
The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) developed by ARPA of the United States Department of Defense was the world’s first operational packet switching network, and the progenitor of the global Internet.
1971
Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a microprocessor, or microprogrammable computer chip, the Intel 4004.

1975
Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), is developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) by Robert Metcalf. The LAN allows computers to communicate and share software, data, and peripherals.

1976
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak build the first Apple computer. A subsequent version, the Apple II, is an immediate success.

1979
VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program written by Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin, is introduced. VisiCalc will be seen as the most important reason for the acceptance of personal computers in the business world.

1980
IBM offers Microsoft Corporation co-founder, Bill Gates, the opportunity to develop the operating system for the soon-to-be announced IBM personal computer. With the development of MS-DOS, Microsoft achieves tremendous growth and success.

1981
The IBM PC is introduced, signaling IBM’s entrance into the personal computer marketplace.

1982
Compaq Inc. is founded to develop and market IBM-compatible PCs.
Hayes introduces the 300 bps smart modem. The modem is an immediate success.

1983
Lotus Development Corporation is founded. Lotus 1-2-3 is a spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (now part of IBM). It was the IBM Pc’s first killer application; its huge popularity contributed significantly to the success of IBM PC in the corporate environment.

1984
Hewlett-Packard announces the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.
Apple introduces the Macintosh computer, which incorporates a unique, easy-to-learn, graphical user interface.

1987
Several personal computers utilizing the powerful Intel 80386 microprocessor are introduced.


1988
The Intel 486 becomes the world’s first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor. The Intel i486 (also called 486 or 80486) is a range of 32-bit scalar Intel CISC microprocessors which is part of the Intel x86 family of processors.



2005
Apple releases the latest version of its popular pocket-sized iPod audio player.
Microsoft releases the Xbox 360, its latest game console.
The smart phone overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device of choice. A smart phone offers a cellular phone, full personal information management and e-mail functionality, a Web browser, ability to listen to music, play video and games, and built-in camera.
2006
Microsoft releases the latest version of its flagship Office suite.
Intel introduced the Pentium D series of microprocessors.
Microsoft released the latest version of its widely used operating system, Windows Vista. Included with Windows Vista is a new version of the world’s most popular Web browser, Internet Explorer 7.
Apple begins selling Macintosh computers with Intel microprocessors.
IBM produces the fastest supercomputer called Blue Gene/L. It can perform approximately 28 trillion calculations in the time it takes you to blink your eye, or about one-tenth of a second.